Introduction

Containers are a key component of modern app development. They have become a standard way to organize compute resources, as well as manage the content of your application deployments.

Containers provide a discrete reproducible compute environment. They also provide a way to simplify packaging and dependency management. So from the orchestration of very large multi-cluster estates to web applications - or even testing your work and doing a proof of concept on your laptop - they're a great way to get started and get building software to deploy in the cloud.

Getting started, however, means making the right choice of AWS container service for your needs. This decision guide is focuses on helping you make the right choice. The AWS services covered in this guide include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR), Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS), Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS), Amazon Lightsail, AWS App Runner, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, AWS Fargate, and Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS (ROSA).

This four-minute excerpt is from a 57 minute recording of a presentation by Vikram Venkataraman, a principal technical account manager at AWS, given at AWS Summit DC 2022. It provides an overview of available AWS container services.

Time to read

20 minutes

Purpose

Help determine which AWS container service is the best fit for your organization.

Level

Beginner

Last updated

April 26, 2023

Understand

Containers have become a de facto standard for packaging application code, configurations, and dependencies into a single artifact can be deployed in a consistent manner to multiple environments.

They are also a key piece of any modern application development strategy. To provide some context for container-related AWS services,  the image on the righ shows AWS container options by layer (explained more fully in this video).

Capacity 

Capacity refers to the underlying compute that you will deploy your container to along with your CPU and memory requirements. It is the infrastructure the container is going to run on. You have two choices for capacity for your containers on AWS: Amazon EC2 and AWS Fargate.

Amazon EC2 allows you to run your containers on virtual machines that you manage. AWS Fargate is a serverless compute engine for containers that allows you to run containers without managing the underlying infrastructure. With Fargate, you can launch and scale containers without worrying about the underlying EC2 instances.

Orchestration

It is not uncommon for an organizations to be running not one or a few but thousands of containers. It becomes challenging to manage such a complex environment. Orchestration services help facilitate the deployment and management of these applications. AWS offers three orchestration services: Amazon ECS, Amazon EKS, and ROSA.

Amazon ECS is ideal for organizations that want a simple and cost-effective way to deploy and manage containerized applications.

Amazon EKS is a fully-managed Kubernetes service that allows you to run and manage Kubernetes clusters on AWS.

Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS (ROSA) is a fully-managed OpenShift service that allows you to run and manage OpenShift clusters on AWS. It is a good option for customers who are already running OpenShift on premises.

Provisioning

The provisioning category of services provide an interface to the orchestration layer of services. Each orchestrator comes with its own complexities. Provisioning services hide this complexity and makes it easier for you to consume the service. AWS services in this category include AWS App Runner, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, and Amazon Lightsail.

AWS App Runner is a fully-managed service that automatically builds container images from your source code, deploys the containers to a fully-managed infrastructure, and scales them based on demand.

AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a fully-managed service that makes it easy to deploy, manage, and scale web applications. Elastic Beanstalk also supports containers and provides a fully-managed platform for deploying and scaling containerized applications.

Amazon Lightsail is a simple and cost-effective way to launch and manage virtual private servers, but also offers support for containers, allowing you to create and deploy containerized applications using Lightsail instances.

Consider

It's important to have a container solution that aligns to your application requirements and operational preferences. Here are some of the key criteria to consider in making your choice of a container service, as well as supporting tools and services.

  • Organizations may choose the cloud to reduce operational cost by standardizing on managed services that shift the operational burden to AWS. Higher levels of abstraction allow developers and operators to focus on their own unique value-add activities, instead of undifferentiated tasks.

    Building with containers on AWS uses services with the higher levels of abstraction to shift the operational overhead of maintaining infrastructure to AWS.
  • You can more easily make architecture choices by understanding your workload patterns. They may include Web Applications, API-based microservices, Event-Driven Applications, Streaming and Messaging, Data Pipelines, IT Automations, and more. Some workloads will perform better or be more cost effective in one compute environment versus another type.

  • Many customers want to ensure that their applications can run in - and be easily migrated or moved to - a different environment. They want to be able to preserve choice, or run an application both on-premises and in the cloud.

    We recommend building competency in software architectures and build packaging that allows you to more readily port differentiating business logic between compute services.

    Applications built using some technologies may run more effectively on some compute services than others.

  • The skills of your organization are a major factor when deciding which container services you use. Whatever approach you take will require some investment in DevOps and Site Reliability Engineer (SRE) teams. Building out an automated pipeline to deploy applications is common for most modern application development.

    Some choices elevate the amount of management. For example, some organizations have skills and resources to run and manage a Kubernetes implementation, because they invest in strong SRE teams to manage Kubernetes Clusters. These teams handle frequent cluster upgrades (for example, Kubernetes has three major releases a year, and deprecates old versions).

    Organization size is a key factor, as smaller startups might have a small IT staff made up of people fulfilling multiple roles, while larger enterprises may support hundreds of workloads in production at once.  

  • Different AWS container services meet unique needs in terms of deployment complexity. Here's how each is optimized for its own role:

    • AWS AppRunner offers the simplest path, allowing you to deploy your application on the public internet without managing or customizing the underlying infrastructure.
    • Amazon ECS is a good choice if you need a little more control over the network and security configurations without sacrificing scale or features.
    • Amazon EKS can allow you to use the flexibility and control over application deployment and orchestration provided by Kubernetes technology.

Choose

Now that you know criteria by which you will be evaluating your container options, you are ready to choose which AWS container service(s) may be a good fit for your organizational requirements.

The following table highlights which services are optimized for which circumstances. Use the table to help determine the container that is the best fit for your organization and use case.

Containers
When would you use it?
What is it optimized for?
Related container services or tools
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Capacity options

Capacity refers to the underlying compute that you will deploy your container to, along with your CPU and memory requirements. It is the infrastructure the container is going to run on.

When you want to run your containers on self-managed AWS virtual machines or AWS managed compute.
AWS capacity is optimized for running your containers on AWS compute.
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AWS Fargate

AWS Fargate is a technology that you can use with Amazon ECS to run containers without having to manage servers or clusters of Amazon EC2 instances. With Fargate, you no longer have to provision, configure, or scale clusters of virtual machines to run containers.

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Amazon EC2

Amazon EC2 is a web service that provides resizable computing capacity—literally, servers in Amazon's data centers—that you use to build and host your software systems.

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Container orchestration

Container orchestration services manage when and where your containers run.

An AWS orchestration service is ideal when you need to be able to deploy and manage up to thousands of containers.
AWS orchestration services are optimized for deploying, managing, and scaling containerized applications on AWS.
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Amazon ECS

Use this fully managed container orchestration service to help deploy, manage, and scale containerized applications.

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Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service

Start, run, and scale Kubernetes applications in the AWS cloud or on-premises.

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Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS (ROSA)

Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS makes it simple to create and operate Red Hat OpenShift clusters on AWS. For applications already containerized on premises on OpenShift Container Platform, ROSA provides a familiar API surface and keeps the deployment toolchain the same so you can focus on refactoring the data model, not the entire application stack.

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Provisioning

The provisioning category of services provide an interface to the orchestration layer of services. Each orchestrator comes with its own complexities. Provisioning services hide this complexity and make it easier for customers to consume the service.

Used when you or your team don't have a lot of experience with containers or infrastructure.
Optimized for ease of use.
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AWS App Runner

Build and run containerized applications on a fully managed service with minimal infrastructure knowledge.

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Amazon Lightsail

Run simple containerized applications for a fixed, monthly price.

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AWS Elastic Beanstalk

With Elastic Beanstalk, you can quickly deploy and manage applications in the AWS Cloud without having to learn about the infrastructure that runs those applications. Elastic Beanstalk reduces management complexity without restricting choice or control.

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Tools

Tools to provide a container registry as well as containerize and migrate existing applications.

When you need tools to provide a container registry as well as containerize and migrate existing applications.
These tools are optimized for supporting your container operations.
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Amazon Elastic Container Registry

Amazon ECR is a fully managed container registry offering high-performance hosting, so you can reliably deploy application images and artifacts anywhere.

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On-premises

Allows you to run a familiar control plane to ensure a consistent experience no matter where your container-based applications are running.

Use when you need to run a familiar control plane to ensure a consistent experience no matter where your container-based applications are running.
Optimized for flexibility in where you run your container-based applications.
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Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) Anywhere

Run containers on your own managed infrastructure.

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Amazon EKS Anywhere

Amazon EKS Anywhere lets you create and operate Kubernetes clusters on your own infrastructure.

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Amazon EKS Distro

Run the Kubernetes distribution that powers Amazon EKS on the infrastructure of your choice.

Use

Using the previously defined criteria and what you’ve learned about what each container service (and the supporting AWS tools and services) is optimized for, you can now dive deeper into how best to use them.

To explore how to use (and learn more about) your choice, we’ve provided two sets of pathways to explore how each of the container services work, tutorials to guide you in using them, and in-depth documentation to detail how a given container service or tool will work for you. The first set of pathways explores Amazon EC2, Amazon ECR, Amazon ECS, Amazon EKS, and Amazon Lightsail.

  • Amazon EC2
  • Amazon Aurora

    Getting started with Amazon EC2

    Access to the complete set of Amazon EC2 technical documentation, including guides to Linux and Windows instances.

    Explore the guides »

    Amazon Aurora

    VM Import/Export User Guide

    Learn how to import virtual machine (VM) images from your existing virtualization environment to Amazon EC2, and then export them back.

    Explore the guide »

    Amazon Aurora

    Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling with EC2 Spot Instances

    Learn how to create a stateless, fault tolerant workload using Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling with launch templates to request Amazon EC2 Spot Instances.

    Get started with the tutorial »

    Amazon Aurora

    Deploy a Web Application on Amazon EC2

    In this guide, we will take you through creating an Amazon EC2 instance using AWS CDK, and deploying a web application on it.

    Explore the guide »

  • Amazon ECR
  • Amazon DynamoDB

    What is Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)?

     
    A guide to getting started with - and using - ECR.
     
     
    Amazon DynamoDB

    Amazon ECR in Multi-Account and Multi-Region Architectures
     

    Explore key considerations for Amazon ECR architectures that span across AWS accounts and AWS Regions, and architectures related to hypothetical customer use cases.

    Read the blog post »

    Amazon DynamoDB

    Getting started with Amazon ECR Public
     

    Start using Amazon ECR public repositories by creating your first public repository and setting your public registry settings in the Amazon ECR console.

    Explore the guide »

    Amazon DynamoDB

    Create a pipeline with an Amazon ECR source and ECS-to-CodeDeploy deployment
     

    Configure a pipeline in AWS CodePipeline that deploys container applications using a blue/green deployment that supports Docker images.

    Get started with the tutorial »

  • Amazon ECS
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Getting started with Amazon ECS

    This guide provides an introduction to the tools available to access Amazon ECS and introductory step-by-step procedures to run containers.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Tutorials for Amazon ECS

    More than a dozen tutorials on how to perform common tasks - including the creation of clusters and VPCs - when using Amazon ECS.

    Get started with the tutorials »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    What's new and what's next with Amazon ECS

    Learn what’s new since the launch of Amazon ECS Anywhere, new features of AWS Fargate, and a look ahead at the exciting enhancements to Amazon ECS.

    Get the full story in this video »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) Deployment

    This guide offers an overview of Amazon ECS deployment options on AWS and shows how it can be used to manage a simple containerized application.


    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon ECS Workshop

    This workshop is designed to educate those that might not be familiar with AWS Fargate, Amazon ECS, and possibly even Docker container workflow.

    Explore the workshop »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Deploy Docker Containers on Amazon ECS

    Learn how to run a Docker-enabled sample application on an Amazon ECS cluster behind a load balancer, test the sample application, and delete your resources to avoid charges.

    Use the tutorial »

  • Amazon EKS
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Getting started with Amazon EKS
     

    Learn more about Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS), a managed service that you can use to run Kubernetes on AWS without needing to install, operate, and maintain your own Kubernetes control plane or nodes.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) deployment
     

    Explore Amazon EKS deployment options on AWS and learn how it can be used to manage a general containerized application.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon EKS Quick Start Reference Deployment

    Using a Quick Start reference deployment guide, we provide step-by-step instructions for deploying Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) clusters.


    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Deploy a Kubernetes Application
     

    This tutorial shows you how to deploy a containerized application onto a Kubernetes cluster managed by Amazon Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (Amazon EKS).

    Use the tutorial »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon EKS workshop
     

    Practical exercises to learn about Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service.


    Visit the workshop »

  • Amazon Lightsail
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Creating, pushing, and deploying container images
    with Amazon Lightsail

    This tutorial shows how how to create a container image on your local machine using a Dockerfile. After your image is created, you can then push it to your Lightsail container service to deploy it.

    Get started with the tutorial »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Amazon Lightsail resource center


    Explore Lightsail tutorials, videos, and links to core concept documentation.



    Visit the resource center »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Launch a Linux Virtual Machine with Amazon Lightsail

    In this tutorial, you create an Amazon Linux instance in Amazon Lightsail. After the instance is up and running, you connect to it via SSH within the Lightsail console using the browser-based SSH terminal.

    Get started with the tutorial »

The second set of container service pathways provide in-depth resources to explore AWS App Runner, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, AWS Fargate, and Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS (ROSA).

  • AWS App Runner
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Getting started with AWS App Runner


    This tutorial walks you through configuring the source code and deployment, the service build, and the service runtime to deploy your application to the App Runner service. It also shows how to deploy a code version, make a configuration change, and view logs.

    Use the tutorial »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    AWS App Runner: From code to a scalable, secure web application in minutes

    Explore how AWS App Runner was designed to make it easier for you to deploy web apps and APIs to the cloud, regardless of the language they are written in, even for teams that lack prior experience deploying and managing containers or infrastructure.

    Read the blog »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Deploy a web app using AWS App Runner


    Follow these step-by-step instructions to deploy a containerized web app using AWS App Runner. Start with your source code or a container image. App Runner automatically builds and deploys the web application and load balances traffic with encryption.

    Deploy your web app »

  • AWS Elastic Beanstalk
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Getting started using Elastic Beanstalk


    This guide walks you through creating, exploring, updating, and deleting an Elastic Beanstalk application.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Deployment options on AWS Elastic Beanstalk 


    This guide explains you can use AWS Elastic Beanstalk to deploy, manage, and scale applications without the operational burden of managing infrastructure.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Intermediate AWS Electric Beanstalk tutorials and samples

    These tutorials are targeted at intermediate users and may not contain instructions for basic steps such as signing up for AWS.

    Get started with the tutorials »

  • AWS Fargate
  • Amazon Aurora

    Getting started with AWS Fargate

    This guide explains the basics of AWS Fargate, a technology that you can use with Amazon ECS to run containers without having to manage servers or clusters of Amazon EC2 instances.

    Explore the guide »

    Amazon Aurora

    Getting started with the console using Linux containers on AWS Fargate

    Get started with Amazon ECS on AWS Fargate by using the Fargate launch type for your tasks in the Regions where Amazon ECS supports AWS Fargate.

    Explore the guide »

    Amazon Aurora

    Creating a cluster with a Fargate Linux task using the AWS CLI

    Set up a cluster, register a task definition, run a Linux task, and perform other common scenarios in Amazon ECS with the AWS CLI.  

    Explore the guide »

  • ROSA
  • AWS Database Migration Service

    Getting started with Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS

    This guide will help you get started using Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS.

    Explore the guide »

    AWS Database Migration Service

    Why would you use ROSA?

    This video looks at when you might use Red Hat OpenShift over standard Kubernetes and explores ROSA on AWS in depth.

    Watch the video »

Explore

Container architecture diagrams

Explore reference architecture diagrams for containers on AWS.


Explore architecture diagrams »

 

Container whitepapers

Explore whitepapers to help you get started, learn best practices, and migrate your databases.

Explore whitepapers »

 

Container solutions

Explore vetted solutions and architectural guidance for common use cases for containers.

Explore solutions »

 

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