As we kickoff AWSome Day, we'll start with the basics: what is the cloud, the advantages of cloud computing, cloud deployment models, and AWS' global infrastructure.

In this section, we'll introduce Compute by comparing the differences between physical and virtual servers and highlight Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). We will then transition to a short discussion on Storage, and the many scalable, durable, and cost-effective Storage options available through AWS. 

In this section, we'll showcase the power of purpose-built databases available through AWS. There's an option available to fit every organizational need. As we close this section, we will center on Networking, including Amazon Virtual Public Cloud and Elastic Load Balancing. 

Security is AWS' top priority. Grounded in the Shared Responsibility Model, AWS' services are designed for security with a highly automated, accredited, and available posture. 

In this section we will discuss innovation opportunities through topics like Machine Learning, IoT, Edge Computing and more.

As we close AWSome Day, you’ll leave with resources that will kick-start your learning journey and prepare you to start building on AWS.

Companies that follow the fast-changing trends of web and mobile application development deliver superior customer experiences. In this presentation, we review trends and learn how to deliver innovative applications faster. AWS Amplify provides solutions for building scalable full stack applications. The AWS Amplify admin UI is a visual interface for modeling data, adding authentication, authorisation and managing users and groups. We will look at how non-developers, even without an AWS account, can get access to the data they need to develop and manage apps. Once defined, the admin UI automatically provisions necessary backend infrastructure such as Amazon Cognito, AWS AppSync, and Amazon DynamoDB using AWS CloudFormation.

Organisations around the world are minimising operations and maximising agility by developing with serverless architectures. In this session we will talk with Jaap Kabbedijk, Head of Engineering from Ohpen. Ohpen is a cloud native banking platform that is using serverless technologies to build applications that are not only more resilient, secure, and scalable but also more cost efficient. In addition, we will share some of the new innovations made in the serverless stack. By the end of the session, you'll see how you can benefit from the serverless programming model, whether you’re building new applications or modernising your existing portfolio.

Modern applications are helping organisations around the world innovate faster while reducing cost and increasing operational resiliency. In this session, you'll learn about the running modern applications on containers with scalability, agility and innovation. In particular, this session will discuss use of spot instances, in place containerization, service decoupling, observability and business continuity while running containerized modern application at scale using customer examples and results. Alex Howard Whitaker from Ocado will talk about running retail solution at scale using AWS Container and Serverless Services.

As applications become increasingly distributed, developers and IT operators need more automated practices to improve their development and operations life cycles especially in the area of code quality and application availability. In this session you will learn how AWS AI services and machine learning can help you turbocharge your DevOps practices by reducing the time spent in managing code through to productions and identifying application availability issues.

In this session, you will learn how developers can leverage Infrastructure as Code and the AWS CDK, to write, test and maintain infrastructure resources in a reusable, scalable way. Matt Coulter from Liberty IT will share with us his experiences and the lessons he learnt while working as a Technical Architect for Liberty Mutual, where he built CDK Patterns, a collection of Serverless architecture reusable patterns built with AWS CDK and based on the Serverless Applications Lens of the AWS Well-Architected Framework.

AWS Fargate provides a way to use AWS Container Orchestration Services—Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) and Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS)—without needing to provision and maintain the infrastructure that runs your containers. Fargate gives you the flexibility to run containerised workloads on serverless infrastructure managed by AWS, without having to focus on capacity planning. But even though Fargate is fully managed by AWS, monitoring your Fargate clusters is still very desirable, as it can help you understand the performance and cost of your containerised applications. In this session, Gunnar Grosch (AWS) and Ara Pulido (Datadog), will discuss Fargate’s key metrics, how to gather them and ways to interpret and visualise that data, so you can make the best use of the platform. They will then demonstrate these key concepts through a live demo.

AWS helps thousands of organizations in the process of transforming, migrating, and governing their enterprise application portfolios.

In this session, Tim Brown, Senior Director Cloud and Operations at Inmarsat, will explain how Inmarsat, a global provider of satellite broadband services, approached the challenges and opportunities of a large scale migration and dive deep into their transformational journey which allowed them to accelerate their pace of migration from a few workloads a day to several hundred a month. Inmarsat real-world experiences, lessons learned and insights can help you execute your cloud transformation with confidence.

Enterprises are adopting AWS cloud at a rapid pace to lower costs, become more agile and innovate faster. While most workloads can be easily migrated to the cloud, some workloads remain on premises or in edge nodes due to low-latency, local data processing, or data residency requirements. Customers want to run their workloads using the same infrastructure, services APIs, and tools across all environments – from the cloud to on-premises to edge nodes.
In this session, Jennifer Didoni, Head of Cloud Portfolio and Management at Vodafone Business, will explain how Vodafone Business is leveraging AWS Wavelength to unveil the power of Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC), by moving applications at the edge of its 4G and 5G networks. AWS Wavelength fully embraces the MEC paradigm, aiming at unlocking the potentiality of the developer community that is innovating at the so-called ‘last mile’, fostering its capabilities to smoothly deliver new solutions to the end-customers, with fast speed and ultra-quick response time.

Schneider Electric, a global leader in Energy Management and Automation solutions, wanted faster insights from its SAP and legacy mainframe systems. However, they understood that extracting value from data stored in multiple ERP systems and more, without impacting the performance of core operations required a well-crafted game plan. Attend the session to hear how the company joined hands with AWS and Qlik to unshackle its legacy data for real time insights with fully automated end-to-end data pipelines. Learn what it took to:

• Build a multi-purpose, highly performance data operations ecosystem with Amazon S3, Redshift, Databricks on AWS and Qlik

• Fully automate data replication and data lake creation while ensure pipeline visibility, transparency and control

• Deliver operational, managerial and financial insights to 3500+ active users in near real-time
  

Learn how you can benefit from intersection of the cloud and open source software using AWS. In this session you will learn how AWS is using, contributing, innovating in the open source space. You will discover how to choose the right open source software and how to deploy open source software at scale. You will see a demo of some of the AWS open source solutions like AWS CDK and CDK8. By attending the session you will learn about the AWS open source strategy and commitment to fostering growth and innovation with open source communities and projects, and we describe how you can participate, including by collaborating with AWS to build open source expertise within your enterprises.

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) allows Development Teams to be agile and respond to rapid business changes. It is one of the mechanisms used to increase software quality. In the cloud, AWS customers are typically using managed services such AWS Code Pipeline and AWS CodeBuild to automate their CI/CD pipelines. But what about developers on the Mac platforms ? Those building iOS, tvOS or watchOS applications ? These typically require access to Apple machines running macOS to build, test and deploy the apps. In this talk you will learn how to combine these two worlds: orchestrate and automate your builds and test using AWS Code* services, while delegating the actual build and test to Amazon EC2 instances running macOS.

NXP Semiconductors N.V. is a semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. The company employs ~29,000 people in 30+ countries and has a 60+ years of history in accelerating breakthroughs that advance the world through their semiconductor technology leadership. NXP's chip design processes are extremely time-to-market focused, part of which involves running simulations to validate chip behaviour. During the simulation process, the demand for compute resources can be very high but, over the lifetime of a project, resource demand fluctuates making forecasting for capacity a complex process. In this session, Maarten Kelderman, Director R&D IT Design Infrastructure at NXP Semiconductors, talks about their adoption of AWS for running chip design workloads on the Cloud. You will hear about NXP's design infrastructure journey, learn about the HPC architecture NXP uses to support chip design projects, NXP's motivation to move to the Cloud, and their Cloud journey so far.

Data is incredibly valuable, but extracting it is getting harder and harder as the volume, variety, and velocity of data continues to explode. AWS offers a comprehensive collection of services to store, organize, secure, and analyze your data. In this session, Raamy Schroede, Woolworths BI Technical Manager, Alexandru Voinescu, Gameloft Technical BI Manager and Marian Cosmin Nicolae, Gameloft BI Manager, will discuss the way they are leveraging AWS Analytics Services for a data-driven infrastructure. Come learn about the variety of ways you can analyze your data to find the hidden insights that will help you succeed.

Cloud data warehouses are less expensive, easier to use, and faster than legacy on-premises data warehouses but still have an easy migration process that leverages your existing SQL skills. AWS recommends moving to a “lake house” approach for data warehousing that combines the best of both a data warehouse and a data lake approach to analytics. Learn how you can unlock better performance and increased functionality while still reducing your spend.

Customers worldwide use open source distributions including Spark, Hadoop, Hive, Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, and Kafka and more for analytics, but struggle with the operational burden of hardware and software provisioning, management, and ongoing maintenance. Learn how to deliver insights more quickly and cost effectively by moving your big data processing, log analytics and search, and real-time streaming analytics to fully managed AWS analytics services with Amazon EMR Studio, Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (MWAA) and how to visualise your insights with Amazon Quicksight.

Powered by Delta Lake, the Databricks Lakehouse combines the best of data warehouses and data lakes. We have built an open source and open format based, simple platform to store and manage all of your data for all of your analytics workloads. In this session you will learn how a modern lakehouse architecture builds on Apache Parquet, provides schema enforcement, and end-to-end streaming. Only basic knowledge of Data & Analytics and Machine Learning concepts is assumed in this presentation.

Loopmasters is a UK-based e-commerce company, building and selling sounds for DJs, producers and composers - from its own labels, and also 3rd parties. When the company was founded over 10 years ago, they were in the business of selling CDs and DVDs, but they’ve had to reinvent themselves multiple times to remain viable in the modern digital age. Loopmasters started using Amazon S3 to host their ever-growing library in 2017, before adapting more and more services as they built new, cloud-native applications. Loopmasters are currently mid-way through a large migration and database modernization program, which will prepare them for the next stage on their journey, as they recently became part of the Beatport family.

Fast analytics is critical to business success because you cannot act quickly when your dashboards are stale. But how do you keep latency down when your growth is through the roof? In this session, Felix Gessert and Wolfram Wingerath from Baqend show how, with the help of AWS, they scaled their analytics stack from 5 to 100 million users in a single month and switched from batch processing to real-time streaming analytics. Together with the AWS Prototyping Team, Baqend has completely renewed its analytics stack by replacing an ETL-heavy Athena warehouse with a continuously running Kinesis data analytics application. In addition to the purely technical decisions in this process, this session also shows how such a transformation can be organisationally implemented.

Developers are decoupling complex applications to build highly distributed, loosely coupled application architectures. We are seeing these applications powering the most demanding workloads in the cloud. By choosing the right database to solve a specific problem, developers are able to build applications to drive agility, innovation and efficiency. In this session, we will carefully determine the needs of a cloud-native application and choose a database which is aligned to the technical and business needs. We will be focusing on three of the purpose built databases Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon ElastiCache and Amazon Neptune. 

In this session, you will learn more about the journey from innovative idea to new computer vision startup (Lensor). You will hear how Lensor aims to automate all manual vehicle inspections and which challenges are faced, bringing Computer Vision from PoC into production. We will dive into how it works and how we leveraged AWS to easily iterate and scale the solution to handle thousands of scans a day.

Learn how you can use AWS machine learning and AI services to address specific business outcomes. In this session you will learn how to address common use cases such as personalized recommendations, modernizing contact centers, intelligent search, fraud detection, forecasting, and intelligence document processing.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) is already a strategic priority for Financial Services customers across the industry. It is fast becoming the technology that helps Financial Services companies differentiate by creating new products, services, and business models to enhance customer experience and gain competitive advantage. In this session, you will learn how you can leverage AWS AI services like Amazon Comprehend to enhance customer experience in the financial industry. We will look at the key consideration for financial industry customers to build ML solutions and how to use Applied AI services while keeping these considerations in perspective.

Organisations across all sectors and industries require processing documents, both physical and digital, and require extracting text and understanding its content. Examples include mortgage processing in banking, claims management in insurance, medical records in healthcare, news aggregation and many others. This session will present a serverless solution for processing and extracting information from documents, built using AWS services like Amazon Textract and Amazon Comprehend. The solution is capable of handling both handwritten and typed documents, and the underlying model can be trained with custom datasets to allow custom entity recognition or classification for customer-specific use cases.

Forget the “new normal.” It’s time for the “not normal,” where automated and intelligent observability can fully enable teams to work more efficiently, with answers, not just data. In this session, learn best practices and hear valuable examples from customers who are leading the way in applying AI to cloud observability, enabling higher-quality software releases at scale. This presentation is brought to you by Dynatrace, an AWS Partner.

Developers, start your engines! This session provides developers of all skill levels an opportunity to get hands-on with AWS DeepRacer, including exciting announcements and enhancements coming to the league in 2021. Learn about the basics of machine learning and reinforcement learning (a machine learning technique, ideal for autonomous driving). In this session, you can build a reinforcement learning model and submit that model to the AWS DeepRacer League, for a chance to win prizes and glory.

Increasing environmental complexity makes understanding performance issues and debugging incredibly hard and it makes collecting that data for analysis even more difficult. Many times data is siloed, giving you a complete lack of actionable information. With logs, metrics, and tracing data living in different places, how do we get this mashup of seemingly disparate data together? OpenTelemetry! OpenTelemetry creates and collects telemetry data from your services and software, then forwards that data to a variety of analysis tools, providing you end-to-end observability to speed up performance troubleshooting. In this talk, we’ll introduce you to OpenTelemetry and answer frequently asked questions to help you get started.

Amazon EC2 offers the broadest and deepest platform to run workloads ranging from simple web apps to mission-critical workloads. Now you can pick from over 400 EC2 instance types to get the best price-performance for any workload. Attend this session if you want to understand what instance type choices are right for your workloads. We will also be joined by Jonathan Harvey, the Head of Common Platform for ITV, who will share with us his experience and lessons learnt on their cloud migration and modernization journey. We will talk about how ITV was able to grow and optimize their compute capacity while maintaining the lowest total cost of ownership (TCO) by blending EC2 Spot Instances, On-Demand Instances, and Savings Plans.

Building and deploying web applications on AWS requires building appropriate network architecture to support desired application accessibility. Learn about the network building blocks provided by Amazon VPC which can be used to build connectivity - to and from the internet, across different VPCs in AWS environment, to and from on-premises systems over VPN and to non-VPC AWS services. First, we will demonstrate building the foundational networking constructs of Amazon VPC which includes configuring the VPC, subnets and security groups. Next, we will do a walkthrough of building the connectivity using AWS Internet and NAT gateways, application load balancers, peering connections, transit gateway, managed site to site IPSec VPNs and AWS VPC endpoints. This mid-level architecture build walkthrough is aimed at network administrators, developers and decision-makers interested in understanding the building blocks available with Amazon VPC.

With the West Midlands facing an air quality crisis, Birmingham received a UK government mandate to create a Clean Air Zone. This introduced a need to monitor congestion, but instead of starting from scratch, Transport for West Midlands saw the opportunity to repurpose the Automatic Number Plate Recognition data that was being captured by West Midlands Police. They didn’t use ninety-nine per cent of this data in crime prevention, but it was filled with information such as engine type and classification; perfect for building a clearer picture of the effects that congestion had on air quality. Using Amazon Kinesis, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Athena, and Amazon Neptune, Transport for West Midlands use metrics from nearly 4.5 million records a day to provide near real-time analytics and forecasting for the highway network. This repurposing of available data to a 24/7 live feed reduced, costs by 75 per cent while increasing the amount of data from a sample size of one week per year. It currently has over 700 users across the West Midland Local Authorities, with an ambition to make the data available to the public and academic institutions. 

In this session, we will walk through the fundamentals of AWS Edge Networking with Amazon Route 53, Amazon CloudFront, AWS Global Accelerator, AWS WAF and AWS Shield. Participants will learn about how Edge Networking services help extend the benefits of the AWS global infrastructure to improve the end-user experience and security of their applications. We will then build a demo using a web application served using Amazon Cloudfront for improved end-user experience, protecting the application from attacks with AWS WAF rules, as well as learn how we can use Lambda@Edge to do customisations. IT decision-makers and developers curious about building or migrating customer-facing applications onto AWS should join this session to learn about features, benefits, and architectural considerations.

Managing file-based workloads on-premises is often complex, difficult to scale, and costly. Customers are moving to AWS fully managed file storage and hybrid storage solutions to simplify their application migration, speed up agility, and lower costs. In this session, we are going to learn about how our customers modernise their application on their windows file load with Amazon FSx for Windows and cover some of the benefits and use cases of FSx for Windows file server. Anup Raj Gopinathan (Sr. Solutions Architect, adidas) will join us and share how adidas leverage FSx for Windows file server to digitise their core 3D design capabilities at scale, which took months to process in on-prem environments.

Digital identity is one of the most important elements as you build in the cloud. It permeates through every user, workload, service, and API call, and is essential for building a robust, secure and scalable cloud environment. This session will look at the evolution of AWS access and identity management. We will talk about IAM Access Analyser, AWS Organizations, AWS Resource Access Management and AWS Single Sign-On, and how all these services together provide a simpler model to manage who can access what within your organisation.

As a developer, you understand how your code is running, you own the IP, implement processes to accelerate time to market, and use open-source code to get there. As the Ops team, you own the cloud footprint and are responsible for overcoming misconfigurations, tackling storage hygiene and ensuring your part of the shared responsibility model is upheld.

Can two opposing forces go from villains to heroes, together? Learn how organisations are using DevSecOps to break down silos, empower shared services, and support a self-serve developer model to maintain innovation and delivery.

Learn how GAMSTOP in the UK has been using AWS security Services to Protect their network and applications running on AWS. 

Learn how Leveris guarantees the security of their platform by using AWS services like Guard Duty and Security Hub in a multi-account environment used by security-sensitive customers. Hear from Eoin Fleming, Leveris CISO, on what the plan is to automatically respond to security threats and what AWS capabilities are used to reduce the risk of attacks.

IT operations or DevOps teams often need to provision and take operational actions on hundreds of applications. How can IT make operations management and governance easy and efficient, while also enjoying the freedom and speed of innovation that the cloud brings? We will see how to simplify operations and cloud governance. I will propose to create a mechanism based on the Amazon experience to reduce deployment failures, we will simulate a production issue and we will try to optimise the analysis of the root cause of this issue. Finally, we will set up an automatism to prevent this incident to happen again.

In this session, we will demonstrate how to level up security and operations tools, skills and processes to run with the same speed and agility enjoyed by developers. First, the session will dive deep on Shift-left v's Shift-Everywhere. Next, we dive deep into the risks facing developers and security teams who are adopting modern application development architectures. We move on to show you some solutions from Amazon, OpenSource and Partners to accelerate your security and operations teams. Finally, we demonstrate these solutions with practical examples to mitigate risks at speed and without friction.

There's no escaping the buzz about blockchain tech right now. The truth is blockchain technology is evolving rapidly. In this session, learn about what blockchain is, how it works and its enterprise use cases. We will talk about how AWS views blockchain technology and the features of our new service, Amazon Managed Blockchain, which makes it easy to build and manage scalable Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum networks on AWS.

Customers are leveraging AWS IoT and the AWS Cloud to change the face of the industrial landscape. Regardless of where customers are in their IoT and data-driven journey, AWS IoT enables them to securely connect and manage devices, collect and analyse data from devices, and build and deploy solutions that unlock new possibilities and drive greater business value.

In this session, hear from one such pioneering customer Pirelli, as we dive deep into their journey with AWS IoT and how the AWS Cloud is unlocking value for their business.

Edge computing is the key enabler of transformation at the edge. Across a wide range of uses, like those requiring ultra-low latency compute or edge data processing, it saves lives, improves performance, and reduces costs in scenarios where near-real-time action is required. High-performance edge applications rely on the cloud for processing, analytics, storage, and machine learning, but also need to do some processing, like ML inference, close to where data is generated to deliver intelligent real-time responsiveness, and reduce the amount of data transferred—even when cloud connectivity is intermittent. This session covers how AWS edge computing solutions provide infrastructure and software that move data processing and analysis as close to the endpoint as required.

Seeing in obscured conditions such as night-time, heavy smoke and cloud cover from space enables customers to make quick decisions and respond to global crisis events. ICEYE uses AWS to operate its Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite constellation, which provides government and commercial customers access to timely and reliable satellite imagery captured despite these obscured conditions. Learn how ICEYE uses AWS Ground Station, AWS storage, machine learning services, and high-performance computing in their end-to-end satellite solution architecture. You will also hear how they apply solutions to support customer use cases such as maritime domain awareness, insurance applications, and natural disaster response.

Building and deploying robotic software is a challenging and complicated process. This session covers AWS Robotics solutions that accelerate development, improve testing, and streamline robot fleet management. We cover how you can run a test case in simulation using AWS RoboMaker across a fleet of robots. Finally, we introduce how AWS RoboMaker WorldForge can help you to automate 3D world generation to simplify streamline testing and training of core robotic algorithms at scale.

A common way to protect and secure access to IoT devices is to use firewalls. Yet, accessing and managing devices deployed at remote sites, and behind firewalls that block all inbound traffic might be challenging. This often increases the complexity and the cost of device management, which involves technicians being sent onsite to connect to those devices, in order to troubleshoot them. AWS IoT Secure Tunnelling helps customers establish bidirectional communication to remote devices, over a secure connection that is managed by AWS IoT. Secure tunnelling does not require updates to your existing inbound firewall rule, so you can keep the same security level provided by firewall rules at a remote site.

We help thousands of customers in the process of transforming, migrating, and governing their enterprise application portfolio. Join us to learn from Max Watson, Head of Engineering at Dunelm, on how the UK’s largest homeware retailer achieved a large-scale digital transformation and built a microservices eCommerce platform using the AWS serverless portfolio. Their real-world experience and insights can help you execute your cloud transformation with confidence.

This session is designed for IT decision-makers and administrators who are thinking about the futures of their workforces in a post-COVID world. In this session, we share the latest innovations in virtualisation and the AWS vision for how you can enable your workforce to be secure and productive from anywhere, at any time. We will discuss with Sameera Alatawi, Director of IT at the American University of Bahrain, about how they are empowering students' and staff in the remote learning environment.

Learn how EcoOnline reinvented their digital foundations combining their private cloud with hyperscalable microservices, CI/CD's, infrastructure as code, continous compliance, machine learning competencies, DevOps and DevSecOps. The company is now able to adopt the most innovative technology services into their digital strategy across the company, empowering their new value creation to stay ahead in their market through close cooperation with their partners, Orange Business Services and AWS. Adopting Agile Operations and Innovation Labs, they significantly increased their operational efficiency and their competitiveness in their market. EcoOnline is an expert within the chemical industry and helps businesses within the Nordics, UK and Ireland to comply with complex regulations and ensure a safe workplace.

Organisations of all sizes can face challenges in their software supply chain, such as high costs of legacy software, drawn-out procurement cycles that inhibit innovation, and lack of visibility into software usage. This presentation explores how you can transform your modernisation approach using third-party software and data products combined with AWS services. AWS Marketplace and AWS Data Exchange work with AWS Control Tower to integrate third-party offerings into your environment, while procurement features help control costs and prioritise compliance. Learn how you can access 8,000+ products from 1,600 providers and pair AWS services with AWS Marketplace capabilities to support innovation.

Learn how Device42 facilitates safe, rapid migrations and delivers value throughout your entire transformation journey. A deep discovery of your entire IT landscape including physical, virtual, and cloud infrastructure, modern and legacy applications - together with their dependencies - provides end-to-end visibility to de-risk and accelerate any migration process. Device42 feeds discovered data into AWS Migration Evaluator, to create a business case with resource utilisation metrics including storage insights and cost modelling to inform any migration strategy. Device42 is also integrated with many other migration tools to fuel your transformation and modernisation efforts well into the future.

Learn how to build a 100% cloud contact centre, that allows you to meet your business goals of customer satisfaction and operational excellence. We will follow the journey of a business and one of their customers, to understand how to build a contact centre and succeed in each of the steps.

Legacy enterprise workloads are the backbone of most businesses, delivering critical services like financial services, employee productivity, data management and processing, resource planning, people management, and more. Planning for the migration and modernization of these workloads is an important component of any complete digital transformation strategy. In this session, we will discuss VMware Cloud on AWS and how it could rapidly extend and migrate your VMware environment to the AWS cloud, VMware’s preferred hybrid cloud option for vSphere workloads. Participants will experience a demo of the service, which will include an initial build of the environment before illustrating how vSphere workloads can be migrated non-disrupitevly using Hybrid Cloud Extension (HCX). IT decision makers and professionals curious about building or migrating VMware environments onto AWS should join this session to learn about the features, benefits, and migration capabilities.